A New Straightforward Method for Evaluating Singular Integrals
Md. Habibur Rahaman1, 2, Md. Ashraful Huq1, M. Kamrul Hasan1
1Department of Mathematics, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Kazla, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
2Adarsho Karigori & Banijjik College, Hatemkhan, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh
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To cite this article:
Md. Habibur Rahaman, Md. Ashraful Huq, M. Kamrul Hasan. A New Straightforward Method for Evaluating Singular Integrals. Applied and Computational Mathematics. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 420-423. doi: 10.11648/j.acm.20150406.14
Abstract: A new more accurate straightforward method is presented for evaluating the singular integrals. A few methods in numerical analysis is useful for evaluating the integral where singularities arises, most of them uses extrapolation technique at singular point. This new method uses directly and gives better results and the Romberg integration of this formula converses faster than others previous methods.
Keywords: Numerical Integration, Singular Integrals, Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula, Romberg Integration
1. Introduction
Newton-Cotes formulas, such as Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rules and Weddle’s rule etc. cannot be use directly for integrals where the integrands become infinite at the ends of the intervals. However Gauss quadrature rules may used to evaluate such singular integrals. But it is a laborious task. Earlier Fox [1] used classical formulae for evaluating such integrals where the functional values at the singular points are extrapolated. Recently, Huq et al [2] developed a simple and straightforward method for evaluating singular integrals of the form
I = (1)
where y(x) is singular at x = a or x = b.
The aim of this article is to obtain a new straightforward formula for evaluating singular integrals and also obtain better result than other existing solutions.
2. Derivation of the Formula
Generally numerical integration formulae are reformed by utilizing an interpolation formula. The Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rules etc. are established by Newton’s forward formula. Recently Huq et al [2] has been used Lagrange’s formula to derive an integration formula, e.g,
where
(2)
Considering three points x0, x1, x3 together with x1 = x0 + h and x3 = x0 + 3h. It is clear that formula (2) excludes y0 and thus it is used directly when y(x) is singular at x0.
A general form of formula (2) in the interval is
(3)
where, In order to derive a more accurate formula using Lagrange’s interpolation formula, we search various points randomly. We find several formulae of 4 nodes and to find optimum of them we observed that, the formula is suitable which coefficient of error term is minimum. In this circumstances we consider five unequal points x0, x1, x2, x3 and x4 together with x0 = 0, x1 = x0 + h, x2 = x0 + 5 h, x3 = x0 +11h, x4 = x0 + 15 h in the interval [a, b] and the formula has been taken the form
(4)
Where
The formula (4) is useful directly when y(x) is non-singular or lower singular.
On the contrary, another formula
(5)
has been obtained by considering five points x0, x1, x2, x3 and x4 together with x0 = 0, x1 = x0 + 4h, x2 = x0 + 10h, x3 = x0 +14h, x4 = x0 + 15h. Herein x4 has been ignored.
Clearly formula (5) is useful directly when y(x) is upper singular.
3. Error of the Present Formula
The error of formula (4) is calculated as
(6)
Hence the error of formula (4) is
(7)
4. Examples
4.1. Consider a Singular Integral
(8)
In the case of the singular integral , here 0 is the singular point
Using the formula (4) we obtain the approximate value of the integral (8) is,
and
for
,
and
. The exact value of this integral is 2. Earlier Fox [1] measured
,
and
for
,
and
and using extrapolation technique at
. Recently deriving a straightforward method Huq [2] measured
,
and
for
,
and
for the same integral (8).
Both Fox [1] and Huq [2] presented a Romberg integration scheme of these results has been given in Table 4.1(a) and Table 4.1(b). Then the new results and its Romberg integration scheme have been given in Table 4.1(c).
Table 4.1(a). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Fox [1].
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Table 4.1(b). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Huq [2].
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Table 4.1(c). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by new formula.
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4.2. A Singular Integral
(9)
Using the formula (4) we obtain the approximate value of the integral (9) is 0.250675. The exact value of this integral is 0.25.
Both Fox [1] and Huq [2] presented a Romberg integration scheme of these results has been given in Table 4.2(a) and Table 4.2(b). Then Romberg integration scheme of the new result has been given in Table 4.2(c).
Table 4.2(a). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Fox [1].
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Table 4.2(b). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Huq [2].
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Table 4.2(c). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by new formula.
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4.3. A Integral without Singular Point
(10)
Choosing,
and
, formula (4) has been utilized and measured respectively the approximate value of the integral (10) is 0.667811, 0.667072 and 0.66681. The exact value of this integral is 2/3.
Both Fox [1] and Huq [2] presented a Romberg integration scheme of these results has been given in Table 4.3(a) and Table 4.3(b). Then Romberg integration scheme of the new result has been given in Table 4.3(c).
Table 4.3(a). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Fox [1]
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Table 4.3(b). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Huq [2].
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Table 4.3(c). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by new formula.
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4.4. A Integral without Singular Point
(11)
Choosing,
and
formula (4) has been utilized and measured respectively the approximate value of the integral (11) is
,
and
. The exact value of this integral is
.
Both Fox [1] and Huq [2] presented a Romberg integration scheme of these results has been given in Table 4.4(a) and Table 4.4(b). Then Romberg integration scheme of the new result has been given in Table 4.4(c).
Table 4.4(a). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Fox [1].
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Table 4.4(b). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by Huq [2].
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Table 4.4(c). Numerical values of the integral 4.1 presented by new formula.
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5. Result and Discussions
Fox [1] is not simple and straightforward for evaluating such type of singular integrals. Huq et al [2] is a simple and straightforward method which is better than the other existing methods for evaluating singular integrals.
Also from the above Tables 4.1 – 4.4, it is clear that the Romberg integration scheme of the new method converges faster as well as gives more accurate result than Fox [1] and Huq [2] formula.
References